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Jun 01, 2017 C Library math.h functions The math.h header defines various mathematical functions and one macro. All the functions available in this library. C pow The pow function computes a base number raised to the power of exponent number.
C standard library |
---|
General topics |
Miscellaneous headers |
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C mathematical operations are a group of functions in the standard library of the C programming language implementing basic mathematical functions.[1][2] All functions use floating-point numbers in one manner or another. Camel crusher vst mac download. Different C standards provide different, albeit backwards-compatible, sets of functions. Most of these functions are also available in the C++ standard library, though in different headers (the C headers are included as well, but only as a deprecated compatibility feature).
Overview of functions[edit]
Most of the mathematical functions are defined in <math.h>
(<cmath>
header in C++). The functions that operate on integers, such as abs
, labs
, div
, and ldiv
, are instead defined in the <stdlib.h>
header (<cstdlib>
header in C++).
Stronghold 2 download for pc. Any functions that operate on angles use radians as the unit of angle.[1]
Not all of these functions are available in the C89 version of the standard. For those that are, the functions accept only type double
for the floating-point arguments, leading to expensive type conversions in code that otherwise used single-precision float
values. Movavi video editor business mac application. In C99, this shortcoming was fixed by introducing new sets of functions that work on float
and long double
arguments. Those functions are identified by f
and l
suffixes respectively.[3]
Function | Description | |
---|---|---|
abs labs llabs | computes absolute value of an integer value | |
fabs | computes absolute value of a floating-point value | |
div ldiv lldiv | computes the quotient and remainder of integer division | |
fmod | remainder of the floating-point division operation | |
remainder | signed remainder of the division operation | |
remquo | signed remainder as well as the three last bits of the division operation | |
fma | fused multiply-add operation | |
fmax | larger of two floating-point values | |
fmin | smaller of two floating-point values | |
fdim | positive difference of two floating-point values | |
nan nanf nanl | returns a not-a-number (NaN) | |
Exponential functions | exp | returns e raised to the given power |
exp2 | returns 2 raised to the given power | |
expm1 | returns e raised to the given power, minus one | |
log | computes natural logarithm (to base e) | |
log2 | computes binary logarithm (to base 2) | |
log10 | computes common logarithm (to base 10) | |
log1p | computes natural logarithm (to base e) of 1 plus the given number | |
ilogb | extracts exponent of the number | |
logb | extracts exponent of the number | |
Power functions | sqrt | computes square root |
cbrt | computes cubic root | |
hypot | computes square root of the sum of the squares of two given numbers | |
pow | raises a number to the given power[4] | |
Trigonometric functions | sin | computes sine |
cos | computes cosine | |
tan | computes tangent | |
asin | computes arc sine | |
acos | computes arc cosine | |
atan | computes arc tangent | |
atan2 | computes arc tangent, using signs to determine quadrants | |
Hyperbolic functions | sinh | computes hyperbolic sine |
cosh | computes hyperbolic cosine | |
tanh | computes hyperbolic tangent | |
asinh | computes hyperbolic arc sine | |
acosh | computes hyperbolic arc cosine | |
atanh | computes hyperbolic arc tangent | |
Error and gamma functions | erf | computes error function |
erfc | computes complementary error function | |
lgamma | computes natural logarithm of the absolute value of the gamma function | |
tgamma | computes gamma function | |
Nearest integer floating- point operations | ceil | returns the nearest integer not less than the given value |
floor | returns the nearest integer not greater than the given value | |
trunc | returns the nearest integer not greater in magnitude than the given value | |
round lround llround | returns the nearest integer, rounding away from zero in halfway cases | |
nearbyint | returns the nearest integer using current rounding mode | |
rint lrint llrint | returns the nearest integer using current rounding mode with exception if the result differs | |
Floating- point manipulation functions | frexp | decomposes a number into significand and a power of 2 |
ldexp | multiplies a number by 2 raised to a power | |
modf | decomposes a number into integer and fractional parts | |
scalbn scalbln | multiplies a number by FLT_RADIX raised to a power | |
nextafter nexttoward | returns next representable floating-point value towards the given value | |
copysign | copies the sign of a floating-point value | |
Classification | fpclassify | categorizes the given floating-point value |
isfinite | checks if the given number has finite value | |
isinf | checks if the given number is infinite | |
isnan | checks if the given number is NaN | |
isnormal | checks if the given number is normal | |
signbit | checks if the given number is negative |
Floating-point environment[edit]
![Dev Dev](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/91obzw6JIKg/maxresdefault.jpg)
C99 adds several functions and types for fine-grained control of floating-point environment.[3] These functions can be used to control a variety of settings that affect floating-point computations, for example, the rounding mode, on what conditions exceptions occur, when numbers are flushed to zero, etc. The floating-point environment functions and types are defined in <fenv.h>
header (<cfenv>
in C++).
Dev C Math Library Function
Function | Description |
---|---|
feclearexcept | clears exceptions (C99) |
fegetenv | stores current floating-point environment (C99) |
fegetexceptflag | stores current status flags (C99) |
fegetround | retrieves current rounding direction (C99) |
feholdexcept | saves current floating-point environment and clears all exceptions (C99) |
feraiseexcept | raises a floating-point exception (C99) |
fesetenv | sets current floating-point environment (C99) |
fesetexceptflag | sets current status flags (C99) |
fesetround | sets current rounding direction (C99) |
fetestexcept | tests whether certain exceptions have been raised (C99) |
feupdateenv | restores floating-point environment, but keeps current exceptions (C99) |
Complex numbers[edit]
C99 adds a new _Complex
keyword (and complex
convenience macro) that provides support for complex numbers. Any floating-point type can be modified with complex
, and is then defined as a pair of floating-point numbers. Note that C99 and C++ do not implement complex numbers in a code-compatible way – the latter instead provides the class std::complex
.
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All operations on complex numbers are defined in <complex.h>
header. As with the real-valued functions, an f
or l
suffix denotes the float complex
or long double complex
variant of the function.
Function | Description | |
---|---|---|
Basic operations | cabs | computes absolute value (C99) |
carg | computes argument of a complex number (C99) | |
cimag | computes imaginary part of a complex number (C99) | |
creal | computes real part of a complex number (C99) | |
conj | computes complex conjugate (C99) | |
cproj | computes complex projection into the Riemann sphere (C99) | |
Exponentiation operations | cexp | computes complex exponential (C99) |
clog | computes complex logarithm (C99) | |
csqrt | computes complex square root (C99) | |
cpow | computes complex power (C99) | |
Trigonometric operations | csin | computes complex sine (C99) |
ccos | computes complex cosine (C99) | |
ctan | computes complex tangent (C99) | |
casin | computes complex arc sine (C99) | |
cacos | computes complex arc cosine (C99) | |
catan | computes complex arc tangent (C99) | |
Hyperbolic operations | csinh | computes complex hyperbolic sine (C99) |
ccosh | computes complex hyperbolic cosine (C99) | |
ctanh | computes complex hyperbolic tangent (C99) | |
casinh | computes complex hyperbolic arc sine (C99) | |
cacosh | computes complex hyperbolic arc cosine (C99) | |
catanh | computes complex hyperbolic arc tangent (C99) |
A few more complex functions are 'reserved for future use in C99'.[5] Implementations are provided by open-source projects that are not part of the standard library.
![Dev C Math Libaray Dev C Math Libaray](https://static.infragistics.com/marketing/Website/products/wpf/control-images/frameworks/math library/wpf-math-library-an-extensive-core-library-l.png?v=201806040900)
Function | Description | |
---|---|---|
Error functions | cerf | computes the complex error function (C99) |
cerfc | computes the complex complementary error function (C99) |
Type-generic functions[edit]
The header <tgmath.h>
defines a type-generic macro for each mathematical function defined in <math.h>
and <complex.h>
. This adds a limited support for function overloading of the mathematical functions: the same function name can be used with different types of parameters; the actual function will be selected at compile time according to the types of the parameters.
Each type-generic macro that corresponds to a function that is defined for both real and complex numbers encapsulates a total of 6 different functions: float
, double
and long double
, and their complex
variants. The type-generic macros that correspond to a function that is defined for only real numbers encapsulates a total of 3 different functions: float
, double
and long double
variants of the function.
Waveshell vst 9.2 download fl studio free. The C++ language includes native support for function overloading and thus does not provide the <tgmath.h>
header even as a compatibility feature.
Random number generation[edit]
The header <stdlib.h>
(<cstdlib>
in C++) defines several functions that can be used for statistically random number generation.[6]
Function | Description |
---|---|
rand | generates a pseudo-random number between 0 and RAND_MAX , inclusive. |
srand | initializes a pseudo-random number generator |
arc4random | generates a pseudo-random number between 0 and UINT32_MAX , usually using a better algorithm than rand |
arc4random_uniform | generates a pseudo-random number between 0 and a maximum value. |
arc4random_buf | fill a buffer with a pseudo-random bitstream. |
arc4random_stir | initializes a pseudo-random number generator. |
The arc4random
family of random number functions are not defined in POSIX standard, but is found in some common libc
implementations. It used to refer to the keystream generator of a leaked version of RC4 cipher (hence 'alleged RC4'), but different algorithms, usually from other ciphers like ChaCha20, have been implemented since using the same name.
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The quality of randomness from rand
are usually too weak to be even considered statistically random, and it requires explicit seeding. It is usually advised to use arc4random
instead of rand
when possible. Some C libraries implement rand
using arc4random_uniform
internally.
libm[edit]
Under Linux and BSD, the mathematical functions (as declared in <math.h>
) are bundled separately in the mathematical library libm
.Therefore, if any of those functions are used, the linker must be given the directive -lm
.
There are various libm
implementations, including: How do you remove an app on a mac computer.
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- GNU libc's libm
- AMD's libm
- Red Hat's libm
- Sun's FDLIBM, which was used as the basis for FreeBSD's msun and OpenBSD's libm, both of which in turn were the basis of Julia's OpenLibm (usable by C language, while made for Julia language)
- Arénaire project's CRlibm (correctly rounded libm), and its successor MetaLibm
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ abISO/IEC 9899:1999 specification(PDF). p. 212, § 7.12.
- ^Prata, Stephen (2004). C primer plus. Sams Publishing. Appendix B, Section V: The Standard ANSI C Library with C99 Additions. ISBN0-672-32696-5.
- ^ abPrata, Stephen (2004). C primer plus. Sams Publishing. Appendix B, Section VIII: C99 Numeric Computational Enhancements. ISBN0-672-32696-5.
- ^Notationally, it may seem convenient to use pow(x,2) or pow(x,3) to compute squares or cubes. However, this is not advisable in time-critical code. Unless an implementation takes special care of these cases at compile time, x*x or x*x*x will execute much faster. Also, sqrt(x) and cbrt(x) should be preferred over pow(x,.5) or pow(x,1./3).
- ^man cerf(3), man cerfc(3), see e.g. http://linux.die.net/man/3/cerf.
- ^'The GNU C Library – ISO Random'. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
External links[edit]
The Wikibook C Programming has a page on the topic of: C Programming/C Reference |
math.h
: mathematical declarations – Base Definitions Reference, The Single UNIX Specification, Issue 7 from The Open Group
- The C Standard Library
Dev C Math Library Download
- C Standard Library Resources
- C Programming Resources
- Selected Reading
Description
Dev C Math Library Pi
The C library function void srand(unsigned int seed) seeds the random number generator used by the function rand.
Declaration
Following is the declaration for srand() function.
Parameters
seed − This is an integer value to be used as seed by the pseudo-random number generator algorithm.
Dev C Library Math
Return Value
This function does not return any value.
Example
The following example shows the usage of srand() function.
Let us compile and run the above program that will produce the following result −